Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, so the study of organic chemistry is important because all living things are based on carbon compounds. Mathematically, this can be indicated by the following general formulas. Page 1 naming alkynes o naming alkynes is just like naming alkanes o to start, replace the ending ane with yne o triple bonds get the lowest possible number on the parent carbon chain. Conjugation, electronic effects, carbonyl groups 12. In chapter 7, we noted that alkanes saturated hydrocarbonshave relatively few important chemical properties other than that they undergo combustion and. Find the longest chain containing the double alkene or triple bond alkyne name the parent compound by adding the suffix ene alkene or yne alkyne. Alkanes have simple carbon bonds, low melting and boiling points as well as low viscosity. Physical properties of alkynes 1 alkynes are relatively nonpolar w. Furthermore they have low density and are waterinsoluable. As a result of the double or triple bond nature, alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms than comparable alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms. This is the second video in the organic chemistry unit. Organic compounds initially, compounds of carbon could only be obtained from living sources and there was no way of synthesizing them. Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds hydrocarbons with multiple bonds outline. Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons date.
Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen and single bonds. Pdf computing the harmonic index for alkanes, alkenes and. We cant fully determine the boiling points of the whole class of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Solomon derese alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain c. Alkynes may have one or more triple bonds in their structure. They are quite soluble in most organic solvents, acetone, ether, methylene chloride, chloroform and alcohols. Classes of hydrocarbons alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. Since the cc can be located in different positions in unbranched alkenes with four or more cs, they have structural isomers. Alkenes and alkynes are generally more reactive than alkanes due to the electron density available in their pi bonds. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, alkatrienes, alkadiynes, alkatriynes alkanes single bonds only alkenes one double bond, cc naming o find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes the double bond o number the chain to give the double bond the. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. The simple difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Hunter, department of chemistry, youngstown state university chemistry 1506. The longest hydrocarbon chain is selected and is termed as parent chain in case of alkanes. The preparations of alkynes are very similar to those of the alkenes. Properties of alkanes alkenes and alkynes nomenclature isomers preparation of alkenes and alkynes additions to alkenes and alkynes electrophilic additions hydration hydrogenation halogenation mechanisms and stereochemistry polymerization oxidations of alkenes and alkynes dienes reactions of dienes terpenes and rubber. Alkanes are much more stable than alkenes because of the presence of the cc double bond.
Alkenes on the other hand have carbondouble bondstwo carbon d. Hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes britannica. In addition, the type of bonding in organic compounds is almost always covalent. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. Reactions of alkenes reactions of alkenes electrophilic catalytic carbene oxidative addition halohydrogenation acid catalyzed hydration oxymercurationdemercuration hydroborationoxidation hydrogenation cyclopropanation halogenation halohydrin formation epoxidation antihydroxylation synhydroxylation oxidative cleavage via. Naming alkenes and alkynes rules are almost identical to naming for alkanes step 1. Alkynes are similar to alkenes in both physical and chemical properties. Synthesis of alkanes laboratory preparation 1 catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes is a common strategy to alkanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes basic organic compound nomenclature hydrocarbons. Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon triple bond.
Compounds with at least one double or triple bond 2. Properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes introduction hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkynes s11th chapter mcqs pdf sudburyclimateaction. Elimination reactions from organic chemistry by robert c. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes a hydrocarbon that contains no double bonds is called an alkane, or hydrocarbon containing only single bonds. Hunters class section 2 notes page 129 20002002, dr. The carbon atoms in each exhibit a valency of four.
Alkanes 2 organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. Organic nomenclature alkanes alkenes alkynes books organic nomenclature alkanes alkenes alkynes thank you for reading organic nomenclature alkanes alkenes alkynes. An organic molecule is one in which there is at least one atom of. The sphydbridization at carbon holds negative charge relatively close to the positive nucleus. Alkenes and alkynes alkenes alkynes spectrometric features of cc and c.
In case of alkenes double bond linkages are seen and in alkynes, triple bond linkages are present. Organic reactions summary alkenes, alkynes and variations for. Preparations of alkanes,alkenes,alkynes alkene chlorine. These are saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon. Download alkynes s11th chapter mcqs pdf sudburyclimateaction. Organic chemistry university of california riverside. In particular, these molecules can participate in a variety of addition reactions and can be used in polymer formation. Free radical addition and substitution reactions iii. Properties of alkenes and alkynes chemical properties undergo combustion as do alkanes. Reaction of strong anhydrous bases with a terminal acetylene produces an acetylide ion. Detailed chapter notes alkanes, class 11, chemistry. Alkanes are comprised of all single bonds and are saturated hydrocarbons. Alkynes are hydrocarbons with carbontocarbon triple bonds and properties much like those of. Since cc bonds have sp2 hybridized c, atoms or groups directly attached to a cc bond lie in a plane and are separated by approximately 120 bond angles.
Some other functional groups contain nitrogen atoms, such as the amines and amides. Alkenes and alkynes are named using the same rules as alkanes, but the carbon backbone has some. Both alkenes and alkynes are saturated hydrocarbons. Hence, alkynes can easily accept electrons, followed by alkenes and then alkanes. Hydrocarbons 365 unit after studying this unit, you will be able to name hydrocarbons according to iupac system of nomenclature. Pdf chemical graph theory is one of the branches in mathematical chemistry that. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond. Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes. Alkanes are less dense than water and swim on top of water 2.
Ethylene and acetylene are synonyms in the iupac nomenclature system for ethene and ethyne, respectively. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Nonpolar, therefore boiling points depend on size and shape. Quiz 70 most hydrogen atoms are not shown for clarity 1 2 cc c c c c cc cc c c c c 3 4 c c c cc c c br c c c c c c c c c 5 6 c ccc ff f c ccc cc h h 7 8. Addition reactions generally the reaction is exothermic because one. Atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical structure and in organic compounds. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. The main preparative reactions involve the elimination of groups or ions from molecules, resulting in the formation of.
Thus, alkynes are most reactive, followed by alkenes and alkanes. Carbon is unique in that it can form up to four bonds in a compound, so they can easily bond with other carbon atoms, forming long chains or rings. The rules for alkenes are similar to those used for alkanes. What are the differences in chemical properties between. Naming the alkanes, alkenes and alkynes is the opposite of the formula writing process. Determination of the % fe in an unknown by titration. Carbons in the middle of a chain are attached to two hydrogens. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, alkatrienes, alkadiynes, alkatriynes alkanes single bonds only alkenes one double bond, cc naming o find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that includes the double bond o number the chain to give the double bond the lowest number o use the ene ending alkynes.
Draw the structural formula and line angle formula for the following molecules. Higher alkenes and alkynes are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond and appending an ene alkene or yne alkyne suffix to the stem name of the. Alkynes are hydrocarbons with carboncarbon triple bonds. Read online alkynes s11th chapter mcqs pdf sudburyclimateaction. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like.
Number the chain from the end closest to the triple bond. Compound with only single bonds unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes and alkynes, on the other hand, are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Name the parent compound using the appropriate prefix. Physical properties nonpolar and insoluble in water as are alkanes. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are made up of carbon and hydrogen. This means that it is easier to accept electrons, as now the effective strength of nucleus is more. Preparations of alkanes,alkenes,alkynes free download as powerpoint presentation.
Unbranched alkenes are analogous to unbranched alkanes. Alkenes contain a double bond between carbons, and alkynes contain a triple bond between carbons. Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds hydrocarbons with multiple bonds. Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes iupac. For example, alkynes undergo many of the typical addition reactions of alkenes. Alkenes and alkynes from organic chemistry by robert c. Though these three hydrocarbon varieties are similar, there is a difference in bonding. Quiz 70 most hydrogen atoms are not shown for clarity 1 2 cc c c c c cc cc c c c c 3 4 c c c cc c c br c c c c c c c c c 5 6 c ccc ff f c ccc cc h h 7 8 c ccc c 2 2 c no no c ccc 2 c nh. Many functional groups contain oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the carbon. The international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac names for alkynes parallel those of alkenes, except that the family ending is yne rather than ene. Simple alkynes are named much like alkenes, except the ending is changed fromane toyne. Sometimes called olefins are hydrocarbons which contain cc double bonds. Catalytic hydrogenation is the common method for converting unsaturated oils to saturated fats in a process commonly referred to as hardeningof oils.
Identify and name the longest contiguous carbon chain 2. Carbons on the end of a chain are attached to three hydrogens. Rules underlying iupac nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed below. For each write the correct tupac namc for cach, draw a structural diagram inc, condensed or complete 17. I talk about the difference between the three homologous series of hydrocarbons. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all organic hydrocarbons. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, alkatrienes. Determination of an equilibrium constant using spectroscopy.
818 213 1481 135 1223 540 878 624 500 370 1395 1447 721 34 928 650 1415 818 1004 204 127 338 46 363 6 780 1257 416 15 796 1493 363 1387